a. Raymund Unwin and Richard Barry Parker
b. Sir Ebenezer Howard
c. Robert Owen
d. Louis de Soisson
e. Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
Sir Ebenezer Howard, the pioneer of the Garden City Movement, was the project proponent (i.e., he purchased the land and founded the project) of the Welwyn Garden City located in Hertfordshire, England in 1920. This was after his founding of the world's first garden city - the Letchworth Garden City - also located in Hertfordshire with plans laid out by Raymond Unwin and Richard Barry Parker.
The Welwyn Garden City Limited, a company created in the summer of 1920 to plan and build the garden city, appointed Louis de Soissons as the architect and town planner of Welwyn. Just before the year ended, the first house in Welwyn was occupied.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Louis de Soisson.
Q#2: In Ian Bentley’s Responsive Environments, the design of the environment can greatly affect the choices people make at different levels. It affect where people can go, the range of uses available, the understanding of these choices, the degree to which people can use different spaces of choice, and so on. Which among the following are the seven (7) Principles of Responsiveness?
Functionality | Vitality | Economic Value | Variety | Continuity | Social Character | Suitability
Responsive Environments (book cover) by Ian Bentley, et. al., and the 7 Principles of Responsiveness
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Permeability | Variety | Legibility | Robustness | Richness | Visual Appropriateness | Personalization.
Q#3: An influential American writer on planning and sociology, published the book “The Story of Utopias” in 1922. A recurring theme in the author's writings is the need to take a “long running start in history, in order to solve the problems of today”. The author has consistently advocated the regional city and the balanced neighborhood as the solution to the problems of the congested and overgrown city.
(Illustrations shown in book The Story of Utopia in the introduction by Hendrick van Loon for the author in 1922)
a. Jane Jacobs
b. Lewis Silkin
c. John Wood
d. John Nash
e. Lewis Mumford
The Story of Utopia (revised book cover) and portrait of the author, Lewis Mumford
Therefore, the correct answer is e. Lewis Mumford.
Q#4: Usually with a right-of-way from 25 meters up to 40 meters, these are the only types of thoroughfares that are permitted to intersect with expressways.
a. Collector Streets
b. Superhighways
c. Avenues
d. Arterial Streets
e. Highways
"Collector Streets - those which carry traffic from minor streets to the major system of arterial streets and highways, including the principal entrance streets for circulation within a development. Right-of-way is 16-20 meters."
(Page 211, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Superhighway - a highway of major cross sectional and longitudinal dimension, especially designed to accommodate very large traffic movement at a high rate of speed and which may also have provisions for rapid transit in a medial or side strip."
(Page 214, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Avenue - same as street or highway frequently used to designate streets of a certain direction."
(Page 16, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Arterial Streets - those which are used primarily for fast or heavy traffic. These are the only streets permitted to intersect with expressways. Right-of-way is 25 - 40 meters."
(Page 211, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Highway - a general term for a public way used for vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way."
(Page 99, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Arterial Streets.
Q#5: The City Beautiful Movement spread to different parts of the world. Grand designs were sought after by different nations in the building of their new capitals, and proponents of the movement were invited to take part. One good example is Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil, a completely new twentieth-century city, designed with two huge axes in the sign of the cross with the principal multi-level traffic arteries traversing these axes. Separate centers for government, commerce, and entertainment are located along one axis, and the residential districts are distributed about the other. This city was designed and planned by:
a. Le Corbusier
b. Daniel Burnham
c. Oscar Niemeyer
d. Lucio Costa
e. Pier Luigi Nervi
Based on his campaign promise, the newly-elected president of Brazil in 1956, Juscelino Kubitschek, ordered the planning and construction of Brasilia - the new capital of Brazil. A design competition was held and, in 1957, the international jury chose the plan of Lucio Costa who became the urban planner of Brasilia. Oscar Niemeyer was the chief architect and Israel Pinheiro da Silva was the chief engineer. Brasilia was inaugurated in 1960.
Q#6: Architect and urban planner who worked on the design of Shanghai in China and Philadelphia in the United States. He is also the author of "Design of Cities" in 1976 where he describes eight (8) Elements of Involvement as tools in developing a 'design idea' of what a city ought to look like.
The 8 Elements of Involvement according to the author (from L-R): 1. Meeting the Sky, 2. Meeting the Ground, 3. Points in Space, 4. Recession Planes, 5. Design in Depth, 6. Ascent and Descent, 7. Convexity and Concavity, and 8. Relationship to Man
(Images based on Architectural Capriccio by Francesco Guardi via Wikipedia, Public Domain)
a. Camillo Sitte
b. Peter Wong
c. Jane Jacobs
d. Edmund Bacon
e. I.M. Pei
The book, Design of Cities (in 1967), is a graphical description of the urban development where the author, Edmund Bacon, explored how cities grow, including how the city is influenced by forms, interactions and nature, from early classical up to modern times (most especially the city of Philadelphia during the 1960s where he was the Executive Director of the City Planning Commission).
Design of Cities (book cover) and one of the illustrations in the book (about John Nash and London).
Edmund Bacon was an American urban planner, architect, educator, and author where his visions shaped the city where he was born (Philadelphia) and is sometimes described as "The Father of Modern Philadelphia". Edmund Bacon is also the biological father of a well-known actor, Kevin Bacon.
Edmund N. Bacon with the scaled model of the Society Hill Towers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (circa 1960).
(Image courtesy of Edmund N. Bacon Collection via architectmagazine.com by Ben Adler)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Edmund Bacon.
Q#7: With the separation of India and Pakistan, the site of the original Indian capital of Lahore was given to Pakistan, thus creating a need for a new capital. Chandigarh was designed to be the Capital of Punjab, province of India. It is composed of regular grid of major roads and rapid transport surrounding residential superblocks each based on the rectangle measuring 800 x 1200 meters. The most notable architect-planner who developed the area was Le Corbusier. However, the original Master Plan for Chandigarh was a fan-shaped layout made by whom?
a. Albert Meyer
b. Sir Edward Lutyens
c. Don Soria y Mata
d. Lucio Costa
e. Pier Luigi Nervi
Although Le Corbusier was more widely-known as the one who planned and designed buildings in Chandigarh, the original master plan was actually made by an American architect and urban planner Albert Mayer (alongside his partner Matthew Nowicki).
"Mayer began his work in India well before the inception of Chandigarh. During World War II, Mayer was abroad in India where he worked as an engineer for the U.S. Army. In 1945 Mayer met Jawaharlal Nehru (the First Indian Prime Minister) in India and discussed a plan for "model villages" that would establish good housing, sanitation, and community structure. Mayer was brought on to the Chandigarh project in 1949 because of his personal relationship with Nehru, who believed Indian engineers and architects would be unsuited to the task of town planning.
During his work on the development and planning of the new capital city of Chandigarh, Mayer developed a superblock based-city threaded with green spaces which emphasized the cellular neighborhood and traffic segregation. His site plan used natural characteristics, using its gentle grade to promote drainage and rivers to orient the plan. Mayer discontinued his work on Chandigarh after developing a master plan from the city when his architect-partner Matthew Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950. Government officials recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and Nowicki, who enlisted much of Mayer's original plan without attributing them to him."
(Sourced from Wikipedia)
Albert Meyer (left) and Matthew Nowicki (right) discussing the master plan for Chandigarh in 1950.
(Image courtesy of Ashish Rasila)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Albert Meyer.
Q#8: In the hierarchy of spaces in New Urbanism, these spaces are defined as urbanized areas with a balanced mix of human activity.
a. Corridors
b. Blocks
c. Districts
d. Neighborhoods
e. Buildings
Corridor:
"Corridors are connectors and separators of neighborhoods and districts."
(The Neighborhood, the District and the Corridor by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk)
Blocks:
"Blocks are field on which unfolds the building fabric and the public realm of the city. A versatile, ancient instrument, the traditional block allows a mutually beneficial relationship between people and vehicles in urban space."
(The Street, the Block and the Building by Elizabeth Moule and Stefanos Polyzoides)
Districts:
"Districts are areas dominated by a single activity."
(The Neighborhood, the District and the Corridor by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk)
Neigborhoods:
"Neighborhoods are urbanized areas with a balanced mix of human activity."
(The Neighborhood, the District and the Corridor by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk)
Buildings:
"Buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to each other determines the character of each settlement."
(The Street, the Block and the Building by Elizabeth Moule and Stefanos Polyzoides)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Neighborhoods.
Q#9: Concept coined by Jean Gottmann for urban complexes in north-eastern United States.
(Map created by Richard Morrill in Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. Image via SAGE Publications)
a. Metropolis
b. Eperopolis
c. Polis
d. Megalopolis
e. Ecunemopolis
The term Megalopolis was used by the French geographer Jean Gottmann in 1957 describing the rapid urban development in the northeast region of the United States, stretching from the Boston to Washington, D.C. (or known as the Boston-Washington Corridor).
Megalopolis, revised book cover (top left), Jean Gottman (bottom left), Megalopolis, in a journal article, Economic Geography, published in 1957 (courtesy of Economic Geography 1957 by Clark University via jstor.com)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Megalopolis.
Q#10: The document which aim to to identify, predict, interpret and communicate information regarding changes in environmental quality associated with a proposed project and which examines the range of alternatives for the objectives of the proposal and their impact on the environment is known as what?
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
Environmental Impact Statement System (EIS System)
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
"Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) - the document issued by the government agency concerned certifying that the project under consideration will not bring about an unacceptable environmental impact and that the proponent has complied with the requirements of the environmental impact statement system."
(Page 66, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) - the document which aim to to identify, predict, interpret and communicate information regarding changes in environmental quality associated with a proposed project and which examines the range of alternatives for the objectives of the proposal and their impact on the environment."
(Page 66, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System - the entire process of organization, administration, and procedures institutionalized for purposes of assessing the significance of the effects of any project or undertaking on the quality of the physical, biological, socio-economic environment, and designing appropriate mitigating and enhancement measures."
(Page 66, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Environmental Management Plan (EMP) - a component of the comprehensive land use plan which delineates proposals on the conservation of natural resources, protection of bio-diversity and enhancement of land, air and water quality."
(Page 66, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
"Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) - the use of scientific methods and information to define the probability and magnitude of potentially adverse effects which can result from exposure to hazardous materials or situations."
(Page 67, The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, 2004, by Dolores A. Endriga)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
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