CONSTRUCTION | Building Technology | 24 Questions (EASY-MODERATE)
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
(24 Questions, Difficulty Level:EASY to MODERATE)
by Raison John J. Bassig
Q#1: The balloon frame is a light form of wooden framing, in which the studs are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof plate. To support the joists of each storey, thin horizontal members are notched and nailed into the continuous studs. What do you call such horizontal member?
a. Trave
b. Girder
c. Firestop
d. Ledger
e. Girt
Trave:
"A crossbeam or a bay formed by crossbeams."
(Page 107, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Girder:
"A large principal beam designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length."
(Page 106, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Firestop:
"A material or member built into a building frame to block a concealed hollow space through which a fire might spread from one part of the building to another."
(Page 267, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Ribbon (or Ledger or Ribband or Ribbon Strip):
"A thin, horizontal board let into studding to carry the ends of joists. Also called ledger, ribband, ribbon strip."
(Page 267, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Girt:
"A horizontal timber connecting the posts of a braced frame at an intermediate level above the ground floor."
(Page 107, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Ledger (or Ribband, or Ribbon, or Ribbon Strip).
Q#2: A method for planning, scheduling, and managing a project, combining all information into a flow chart, including the sequence and duration of activities, the relevance of each event, and the coordination for timely completion of the project.
a. Critical Path Method (CPM)
b. Histogram
c. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
d. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
e. Gantt Chart
The Critical Path Method (CPM) is an analysis tool (used in conjunction with PERT) to determine the longest duration of activities that are related and dependent with each other and ascertain the critical path, i.e., the shortest and longest time to complete the entire project from start to finish.
A CPM activity-on-node diagram, provided with total float and critical path drag computations.
(Chart courtesy of Nuggetkiwi via wikipedia)
A Histogram is a variation of a bar chart that shows the distribution of a certain data.
A histogram, showing frequencies of arrivals per minute.
(Chart courtesy of DanielPenfield via wikipedia)
The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is an analysis tool that resembles a flow chart used to determine the activities, including the time it takes to finish such activities and the sequences of events related to such activities, involved in completing a certain project. It can be used in conjuction with the CPM to determine which activities in the PERT are critical activities.
A PERT network chart for a 7-month project with 5 milestones (10 through 50) and 6 activities (A through F).
(Chart courtesy of Hazmat2 via wikipedia)
The Work Breakdown Structure is a type of block diagram planning, resembling an inverted tree structure, showing major divisions broken down into a more manageable sub-divisions related to a certain activity that comprises the entire project.
A Work Breakdown Structure illustrating the first three levels of a typical aircraft system.
(Chart taken from Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001 via wikipedia)
A Gantt Chart is a variation of a bar chart which shows the schedule of a certain project. The vertical axis describes the tasks to be performed for the project while the horizontal axis illustrates the time intervals. Bars have certain widths dependent on the time it takes to finish a task. The chart communicates the start and finish dates of both individual tasks and the total duration of the project and can also indicate the status or accomplishment percentages of the task or project.
A Gantt chart showing three kinds of schedule dependencies (in red) and percent complete indications.
(Chart courtesy of Gary L. Booker via wikipedia)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).
Q#3: A door divided horizontally so that the upper or lower part can be opened or closed separately.
a. French door
b. Casement door
c. Jib door
d. Dutch door
e. Batten door
French door (or Casement door):
"A door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length, and often hung in pairs. Also called casement door."
(Page 64, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Jib door:
"A door hinged to be flush with the wall on either side and treated so as to be indiscernible when closed. Also gib door."
(Page 64, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Dutch door:
"A door divided horizontally so that the upper or lower part can be opened or closed separately."
(Page 64, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Batten door:
"A door constructed of vertical boards held together by horizontal battens and diagonal bracing."
(Page 64, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Dutch door.
Q#4: Which of the following is not a brand name, supplier or manufacturer of roofing materials available in the Philippines?
a. Tile Star Excel
b. Riviera Filipina
c. James Hardie
d. Jacinto Color Steel, Inc.
e. Puyat Steel Corporation
Riviera Filipina is a SUPPLIER of clay roof tiles, concrete roof tiles, shingles and bricks/pavers and distributed through Tejas, Inc. (http://www.rivierafilipina.com.ph/home.htm)
James Hardie is a MANUFACTURER and SUPPLIER of fiber-cement board materials for sidings, walls, ceilings, and fascias. (http://www.jameshardie.com.ph/)
Puyat Steel Corporation is also a MANUFACTURER of galvanized iron roofing sheets. (http://puyatsteel.com/)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. James Hardie. (not a brand, supplier, or manufacturer of roofing materials)
Q#5: Groove cut into the edge of an acoustical tile to receive a T-shaped member of a supporting grid.
a. Spline
b. Plenum
c. Kerf
d. Furring
e. Fire Cut
Spline:
"A thin metal strip inserted into the edges of two acoustical tiles to make a butt joint between them."
(Page 31, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Plenum:
"The space between a suspended ceiling and the floor structure above, esp. one that serves as a receiving chamber for conditioned air to be distributed to inhabited spaces or for return air to be conveyed back to a central point for processing."
(Page 31, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Kerf:
"A groove cut into the edges of an acoustical tile to receive a spline or T-shaped member of a supporting grid."
(Page 31, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Furring:
"The attached wood strips or metal channels to a wall or other surface, as to provide an even base for lath or a finish material, or to provide an air space between a wall and a finish material."
(Page 190, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Fire Cut:
"An angular cut at the end of a joist or beam where it enters a masonry wall, allowing the member to fall without damaging the wall if it burns through somewhere along its length."
(Page 93, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Kerf.
Q#6: Identify this hand tool used in construction.
a. Common Float
b. Hand Planer
c. Finishing Trowel
d. Brick Trowel
e. Cement Screed
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Common Float.
Q#7: A rafter joining a hip to a valley.
a. Lookout
b. Valley rafter
c. Cripple jack
d. Hip jack
e. Valley jack
Lookout (or Tailpiece):
"A relatively short bracket or cantilever for supporting the overhang of a roof. Also called tailpiece."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Valley rafter:
"A rafter connecting the ridge to the wall plate along a valley."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Cripple jack (or Double jack rafter):
"A rafter joining a hip to a valley. Also called double jack rafter."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Hip jack:
"A jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Valley jack:
"A jack rafter extending from a valley rafter to a ridge."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Cripple jack (or Double jack rafter).
Q#8: Which is not a brand name or manufacturer of door hardware?
a. Häfele
b. Sentry
c. Pateco
d. Yale
e. Schlage
Häfele, Sentry, Yale and Schlage are all BRAND NAMES (Manufacturer or Supplier) of door hardware (among other products).
Pateco (Pacific Timber Export Corporation), on the other hand, is a MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER of doors, windows, and other wood products.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Pateco.
Q#9: Brickwork bond having a course of headers between five or six courses of stretchers.
a. Flemish bond
b. English bond
c. American bond
d. Garden-wall bond
e. Dutch bond
Flemish bond:
"A brickwork bond having alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being centered above and below a stretcher."
(Page 20, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
English bond:
"A brickwork bond having alternating courses of headers and stretchers in which the headers are centered on stretchers and the joints between stretchers line up vertically in all courses."
(Page 20, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Common bond (or American bond):
"A brickwork bond having a course of headers between every five or six courses of stretchers. Also called American bond."
(Page 20, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Garden-wall bond:
"A brickwork bond for lightly loaded boundary walls, having a sequence of a header and three stretchers in each course, with each header being centered over a header in alternate courses."
(Page 20, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
English cross bond (or Dutch bond):
"A modified English bond in which the head joints in the stretching courses are offset by half the length of a stretcher. Also called Dutch bond."
(Page 20, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. American bond.
Q#10: The vernacular term “ladrilyo” means:
a. Earth Fill
b. Tile
c. Oakum (for Cast Iron Piping)
d. Scaffolding
e. Brick
Most Filipino vernacular construction terms were derived from Spanish words:
Earth Fill = Escombro or Tambak (from the Spanish, escombro, meaning: rubbish, or waste, or dirt)
Tile = Baldosa (from the Spanish, baldosa, meaning: tile)
Oakum = Estopa (from the Spanish, estopa, meaning: oakum)
Scaffolding = Andamyo (from the Spanish, andamio, meaning: scaffold, or scaffolding)
Brick = Ladrilyo (from the Spanish, ladrillo, meaning: brick)
Therefore, the correct answer is e. Brick.
Q#11: A method for determining the strength of concrete using a hydraulic press to measure the maximum load the concrete can support.
a. Compression Test
b. Slump Test
c. Core Test
d. Brush Test
e. Pressure Test
Strength of hardened concrete measured by the compression test. The compression strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to compress it. The compressive strength of concrete is measured by crushing cylindrical concrete specimens in compression testing machine.
(From Haseeb Jamal via Civil.com)
Slump test is a method for determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump (i.e., the vertical setting, in inches or millimeters) of a concrete specimen after it has been placed in an open-ended and truncated metal cone, tamped in a prescribed manner, and the cone is lifted.
(Page 44, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Core test is a compression test of a cylinder cut from a hardened concrete structure, usually by means of a core drill.
(Page 44, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Brush test is used in painting works to select the appropriate color, and if necessary, adjusting its tint, to complement the surrounding color scheme.
Pressure test is used in plumbing works to check the required water pressure and/or check for leaks especially on joints and ensure the connections are watertight.
A hardened cylindrical concrete specimen undergoing a compression test by means of a hydraulic press.
(Photo courtesy of Instron)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Compression Test.
Q#12: Carpet made by propelling short strands of pile fiber electrostatically against an adhesive-coated backing.
a. Tufted carpet
b. Fusion-bonded carpet
c. Knitted carpet
d. Flocked carpet
e. Woven carpet
Tufted carpet:
"Carpet made by mechanically stitching pile yarn through a primary fabric backing and bonded with latex to a secondary backing."
(Page 95, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Fusion-bonded carpet:
"Carpet made by heat-fusing face yarns to a vinyl backing supported by other materials."
(Page 95, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Knitted carpet:
"Carpet made by looping the backing, stitching, and pile yarns with three sets of needles."
(Page 95, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Flocked carpet:
"Carpet made by propelling short strands of pile fiber electrostatically against an adhesive-coated backing."
(Page 95, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Woven carpet:
"Carpet made by simultaneously interweaving the backing and pile yarns on a loom."
(Page 95, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Flocked carpet.
Q#13: The vernacular term for “baseboard”:
a. Suleras
b. Rodapis
c. Sepo
d. Reostra
e. Rimatse
Most Filipino vernacular construction terms were derived from Spanish words:
Suleras = Sill or Floor Joists (from the Spanish, solera, meaning: sill)
Rodapis = Baseboard (from the Spanish, rodapiés, meaning: baseboards, or skirtings)
Sepo = Girt or Clamp (from the Spanish, cepo, meaning: clamp)
Reostra = Purlin (from the Spanish (Catalan), riostra, meaning: strut)
Rimatse = Rivet (from the Spanish, remache, meaning: rivet)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Rodapis.
Q#14: Identify the type of roof shown in the photo below:
a. Gambrel
b. Sawtooth
c. Saltbox
d. Mansard
e. Jerkinhead
Gambrel:
"A ridged roof divided on each side into a shallower slope above a steeper slope."
(Page 208, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Sawtooth:
"A roof composed of a series of small parallel roofs of triangular cross section, usually asymmetrical with the shorter slope glazed."
(Page 208, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Saltbox:
"A type of wood-framed house found esp. in New England, generally two full stories high in front and one story high in back, the roof having about the same pitch in both directions so that the ridge is well toward the front of the house."
(Page 138, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Mansard:
"A roof having on each side a steeper lower part and a shallower upper part."
(Page 208, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Hipped Gable (or Jerkinhead or Shreadhead):
"A roof having a hipped end truncating a gable. Also called jerkinhead, shreadhead."
(Page 208, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is e. Jerkinhead (or Shreadhead or Hipped Gable).
Q#15: A diagonal beam receiving and holding the foot of a hip rafter to counteract its thrust.
a. Jack rafter
b. Bird's mouth
c. Fly rafter
d. Dragon beam
e. Outrigger
Jack rafter:
"Any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope, as one meeting a hip or valley."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Bird's mouth:
"A right-angled notch cut on the underside of a rafter to fit over a longitudinal member, as a wall plate."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Fly rafter:
"Either of the end rafters in the part of a gable roof that projects beyond the gabel wall."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Dragon beam (or Dragon piece):
"A short beam receiving and holding the foot of a hip rafter to counteract its thrust. Also called dragon piece."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Outrigger:
"A beam extending outward from a main structure to support the projection of a floor or roof."
(Page 211, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Dragon Beam (yellow) with a brace (purple) counteracting the outward thrust of the hip rafter (blue).
(Illustration courtesy of Brice Cochran via Timber Frame Headquarters)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Dragon beam (or Dragon piece).
Q#16: Wood stick nailed horizontally to serve as a plane where building measurements can be established. Normally installed to an elevation parallel with the ground floor line.
Q#17: If the excavation is too wide for the struts to be extended across the entire width, the horizontal beams must then be supported by inclined struts. What do you call these inclined struts?
a. Rakers
b. Swales
c. Tiebacks
d. Wales
e. Strongback
Rakers:
"An inclined shore for supporting a wall. Also called raking shore."
(Page 221, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Swale:
"A shallow depression formed by the intersection of two ground slopes, often designed to direct or divert the runoff of surface water."
(Page 223, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Tiebacks:
"A steel rod or tendon attached to a deadman or a rock or soil anchor to prevent lateral movement of a retaining wall or formwork."
(Page 221, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Wales:
"A horizontal timber or steel beam for reinforcing various vertical members, as in formworks or sheet piling, or for retaining earth at the edge of an embankment. Also called breast timber, ranger, waler.
(Page 45, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Strongback:
"A vertical support for aligning and reinforcing wales. Also called stiffback."
(Page 45, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Rakers (or Raking Shores).
Q#18: Glass made by sandwiching a transparent vinyl interlayer between sheets of glass and bonding the three layers together under heat and pressure. When the glass breaks, the soft vinyl holds the shards of glass in place rather than allowing them to fall out of the frame.
a. Heat-Strengthened Glass
b. Spandrel Glass
c. Laminated Glass
d. Tempered Glass
e. Annealed Glass
Annealed Glass:
"Glass that is cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses."
(Page 112, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Heat-Strengthened Glass:
"Annealed glass that is partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has about twice the strength of annealed glass of the same thickness."
(Page 112, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Tempered Glass:
"Annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively harmless particles."
(Page 112, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Spandrel Glass:
"An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass."
(Page 112, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Laminated Glass:
"Two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if the glass is broken. Also called safety glass."
(Page 112, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Differences of Annealed Glass, Tempered Glass, and Laminated Glass upon breaking.
(Image courtesy of Pioneer Glass)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Laminated Glass.
Q#19: A roofing tile having an S-shaped cross section, laid so the downturn of one overlaps the upturn of the next in the same course.
a. Tegula
b. Mission Tile
c. Pantile
d. Imbrex
e. Spanish Tile
Tegula:
"A tapered, semicylindrical roofing tile laid concave side up."
(Page 214, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Mission Tile (or Spanish Tile):
"A tapered, semicylindrical roofing tile laid convex side up to overlap flanking, similar tiles laid concave side up. Also called Spanish tile."
(Page 214, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Pantile:
"A roofing tile having an S-shaped cross section, laid so the downturn of one overlaps the upturn of the next in the same course."
(Page 214, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Imbrex:
"A tapered, semicylindrical roofing tile laid convex side up.
(Page 214, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Pantile.
Q#20: The vernacular term “alahado” means:
a. Rabbet
b. Slope
c. Cast Iron
d. Flush
e. Varnish
Most Filipino vernacular construction terms were derived from Spanish words:
Rabbet = Basyada (from the Spanish, vaciada, meaning: to clear out, to void, or to empty)
Slope = Bahada (from the Spanish, vajada, meaning: descent, downfall, or drop)
Cast Iron = Pondido (from the Spanish, fundido, meaning: molten)
Flush = Alahado (from the Spanish, alejado, meaning: recede or move back from previous position)
Varnish = Barnis (from the Spanish, barniz, meaning: varnish, glaze, or gloss)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Flush.
Q#21: A paint defect resulting in discoloration of a coating caused by a soluble color in the underlying surface. This may be prevented by applying an impermeable undercoating.
a. Chalking
b. Bleeding
c. Alligatoring
d. Deadening
e. Blistering
Chalking is the powdering or dusting of the paint surface often associated with old and weathered paint film.
Bleeding is the discoloration of the topcoat, either in the form of a halo, or in severe cases, a complete color change due to the absorption of pigment from the underlying paint, dissolved by the solvents of the new coat.
Alligatoring (or Checking) is the appearance of a loss of gloss with various small cracks caused by excessive stresses in the paint film due to inadequate mixing, insufficient thinning, excessively thick undercoats, or incorrect use of additives.
Deadening (or Fading) is the lack of gloss to an apparently smooth surface.
Blistering (or Bubbling) is the swelling of the surface of the paint due to moisture or contaminants trapped under the surface.
(Reference: Paint Defect Diagnosis)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Bleeding.
Q#22: A relatively short beam, joist or rafter supported by a wall at one end and by a header at the other end.
a. Tailpiece
b. Bridging
c. Trimmer
d. Sleeper
e. Rim Joist
Tailpiece (or Stringer):
"A relatively short beam, joist, or rafter supported by a wall at one end and by a header at the other. Also called stringer."
(Page 92, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Bridging:
"An arrangement of braces or blocking between joists or rafters to prevent their rotation or lateral displacement, esp. when the depth-to-width ratio exceeds 6."
(Page 92, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Trimmer:
"A beam, joist, or rafter supporting one end of a header at the edge of an opening in a floor or roof frame."
(Page 92, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Sleeper:
"Any of a number of wooden strips laid upon a concrete slab to provide a means of attaching a subfloor or flooring."
(Page 94, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Rim Joist (or Header):
"A joist set on top of the sill and forming the perimeter of a wood-framed floor. Also called header."
(Page 92, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Tailpiece (or Stringer).
Q#23: A basecoat applied to reduce the absorption of subsequent coats of varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat.
a. Sealer
b. Glaze Coat
c. Primer
d. Thinner
e. Lacquer
Primer is used to provide ADHESION to the base material so that the next coats of paint (topcoats) on top of the primer will not peel off, crack, or flake easily. It also provides color uniformity and prevents discoloration of the topcoat. Primers usually contain pigments (typically white, but also available in other colors).
Sealer, on the other hand, is used, as my question above states, REDUCES ABSORPTION (or "seals") the base material from soaking the succeeding coats (especially on wood and concrete surfaces, since both are porous). Usually, sealers are transparent (but some sealers are available in the market that also act as a primer).
Since in the question, VARNISH is to be applied (a clear/transparent protective finish), then, sealers would be more appropriately used instead of primers. One primary purpose of varnishing wood is to highlight/emphasize the natural wood grains. If you use primer on wood, the grains may not be seen as the primer is mostly opaque and will cover them.
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Sealer.
Q#24: Identify the type of brick mortar joint used in the photo below:
a. Struck Joint
b. Raked Joint
c. Weathered Joint
d. Flush Joint
e. Concave Joint
Struck Joint:
"A mortar joint pressed in at the lower edge and sloping in the reverse direction from a weathered joint."
(Page 155, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Raked Joint:
"A mortar joint made by removing mortar to a given depth with a square-edged tool before hardening."
(Page 155, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Weathered Joint:
"A mortar joint smoothed by pressing the trowel in at the upper edge of the joint, forming a sloping surface that sheds water readily."
(Page 155, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Flush Joint:
"A mortar joint struck flush with the masonry."
(Page 155, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Concave Joint:
"A curved, hollowed mortar joint formed by a rounded bar."
(Page 155, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Big help! Thank you!
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