CONSTRUCTION | Building Technology | 11 Questions (MODERATE)
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
(11 Questions, Difficulty Level:MODERATE)
by Raison John J. Bassig
Q#1: Given the illustration of rivet heads, identify which one is the Truss Head Rivet.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
In the illustration above,
A = Truss Head
B = Trunk Head
C = Cone Head
D = Countersunk Head
Therefore, the correct answer is a. A.
Q#2: A half-pier or half-pillar which is bonded into a wall and designed to carry one end of an arch:
a. Keystone
b. Respond
c. Voussoir
d. Springer
Keystone:
"The wedge-shaped, often embellished voussoir at the crown of an arch, serving to lock the other voussoirs in place."
(Page 12, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
"Any of the wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch or vault, having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers."
(Page 12, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
"A pier or pilaster projecting from a wall as a support for an arch or lintel, esp. at the termination of an arcade or colonnade."
(Page 36, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
a. Flemish Bond
b. English Bond
c. Dutch Bond
d. American Bond
e. None of the Above
(Page 20, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Dutch Bond (also known as English Cross Bond).
Q#4: The vernacular term "bajada" means:
a. Rabbet
b. Slope
c. Cast Iron
d. Flush
Most Filipino vernacular construction terms were derived from Spanish words:
Rabbet = Basyada (from the Spanish, vaciada), meaning, to clear out, to void, or to empty
Slope = Bahada (from the Spanish, vajada), meaning, descent, downfall, or drop
Cast Iron = Pondido (from the Spanish, fundido), meaning, molten (note that cast iron in Spanish is hierro fundido or hierro colado)
Flush = Alahado (from the Spanish, alejado), meaning, recede, or move back from previous position
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Slope.
Q#5: In glazing, this is the amount of overlap between the edge of a glass pane and a window frame.
a. Edge clearance
b. United Inches
c. Mullion
d. Bite
e. Face clearance
From A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching:
(Page 113, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Here's an illustration showing a spot section detail of the different terms (Edge Clearance, Bite, and Face Clearance) used in glazing:
In short, it is the portion of glass that is "eaten" by the framing -- hence the term "Bite".
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Bite.
Q#6: A joint separating two sections of a structure so that differential movement or settlement can occur between the parts.
a. Construction joint
b. Isolation joint
c. Expansion joint
d. Control joint
Construction joint:
Provided at the starting-stopping points, usually on concrete-poured members, in cases of equipment breakdown, unexpected shortage of materials, or bad weather.
Isolation joint:
Allows relative movement and lessens compressive stresses and differential settlement. Usually filled with incompressible non-absorbent materials such as closed-cell foam rubber or bitumen-treated fiber board and a joint sealant on top. Sometimes provided with dowels, depending on member function, if load transfer is desired.
Expansion joint (or Movement joint):
Accommodates thermal and moisture expansion by using elastomeric sealants (not mortar). Its also used to separate building into different sections.
Control joint:
Reduces the possibility of cracking due to shrinkage. Usually half or 3/4-filled with mortar with a bond breaker so that tensile stress cannot develop across the joint. When concrete shrinks, the joints widen, thus, preventing cracks from appearing.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Isolation Joint.
Q#7: Maximum slump for plain footing, caissons, and sub-structure walls?
a. 6"
b. 5"
c. 4"
d. 3"
The ACI 211.1 standard suggests the recommended maximum slump depending on type of construction.
(Table 6.3.1 of the ACI 211.1-91)
Note that the 3" (or 75mm) may be increased by 1" (25mm) on certain conditions (such as when admixtures are used, et. al.). Since my question asks the basic maximum slump, without any mention of any other conditions, then, the ACI standard shown on the table shall be used.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. 3" (or 75mm).
Q#8: What is the actual length of a "3d"-sized nail?
a. 2"
b. 3"
c. 1-1/2"
d. 1-1/4"
Although not popular (or never used) in the Philippines, the "d" in the penny-size system means "denarius" (a Roman coin similar to a penny).
Below is a comparative chart showing the penny size to the usual english (inches) nail sizes:
Choice a. 2" = 6d
Choice b. 3" = 10d
Choice c. 1-1/2" = 4d
Choice d. 1-1/4" = 3d
Therefore, the correct answer is d. 1-1/4".
Q#9: A buried plate, wall, block or any log-shaped element attached at some distance from and forming an anchorage for a retaining wall by means of tension.
a. Guy wire
b. Wale
c. Pile
d. Dead man
e. Swale
Guy wire (or Guy cable):
"A supporting rope, cable, or wire which is anchored at one end and tied to an object or structure in order to stabilize it."
(Dictionary of Architecture and Construction by Cyril M. Harris)
"A cable for absorbing the horizontal component of thrust in a suspension or cable-stayed structure and transferring the force to a ground foundation."
(Page 29, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Wale:
"A horizontal timber or beam used to brace or support an upright member, as sheeting, formwork for concrete, etc."
(Dictionary of Architecture and Construction by Cyril M. Harris)
"A horizontal timber or steel beam for reinforcing various vertical members, as in formwork or sheet piling, or for retaining earth at the edge of an embankment. Also called breast timber, ranger, waler."
(Page 45, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Swale:
"A shallow depression formed by the intersection of two ground slopes, often designed to direct or divert the runoff of surface water."
(Page 223, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Pile:
"A concrete, steel, or wood column, usually less than 2 ft. (0.6 m) in diameter, which is driven or otherwise introduced into the soil, usually to carry a vertical load or to provide lateral support."
(Dictionary of Architecture and Construction by Cyril M. Harris)
"A long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system."
(Page 102, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Dead man:
"A buried concrete block, log, plate, or the like, which serves as an anchorage, e.g., as an anchor for a tie to a retaining wall; depends on its own weight and passive pressure from the soil to hold it in place."
(Dictionary of Architecture and Construction by Cyril M. Harris)
(Image courtesy of E Itoi, Hideaki Nagamoto via Semantic Scholar)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Dead man.
Q#10: An architecturally-treated column projecting from a corner wall of a building.
a. Pier
b. Coping
c. Pilaster
d. Canton
Pier:
"A vertical supporting structure, as a section of a wall between two openings or one supporting the end of an arch or lintel."
(Page 266, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Coping:
"A finishing or protective cap or course to an exterior wall, usually sloped or curved to shed water."
(Page 266, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Pilaster:
"A shallow rectangular feature projecting from a wall, having a capital and a base and architecturally treated as a column."
(Page 266, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Canton:
"A pilaster or similar feature projecting from a corner of a building."
(Page 266, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Canton.
Q#11: What is the volume of water for air-entrained concrete with 2,500psi specified compressive strength for a 94-lb bag cement?
a. 7 gallons
b. 6.25 gallons
c. 5.5 gallons
d. 3.75 gallons
There are several reference tables that one can consult specifying water-cement ratio values for a given concrete mix design. In the Philippines, references are usually in Metric (SI) units and nominal size of cement are available in 40-kg bags (NOT 94-lb bags). In the United States, values are given in English units and nominal sizes of cement are by 94-lb bag.
My particular question specifically mentions the use of such 94-lb bag of cement, so, care should be taken when referring to appropriate water-cement mixture tables.
If we are to base some Philippine-reference tables, the volume of water for air-entrained concrete with 2,500psi mix is given as [23.1L]. Since 1 gallon = 3.785 liters, then, 23.1L = 6.1 gallons which is NOT found in my choices (although the nearest would be 6.25 gallons - a mere 0.15-gal. difference).
As my question is based on US/English units (ACI code), using a slighly larger bag of cement (94-lb bags) compared to the standard 40-kg in the Philippines, we must cross-reference using such English unit reference table.
An example reference to such table officially published in the Philippines is the old 1978 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096) where the National Structural Code (taken verbatim from the ACI code) was included as an annex.
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