CONSTRUCTION | Building Laws | 30 Questions (MODERATE-CHALLENGING)
BUILDING LAWS
(30 Questions, Difficulty Level:MODERATE to CHALLENGING)
by Raison John J. Bassig
Q#1: You were tasked to design an auditorium with a total occupant load of 400 persons. Which of the following conforms to the minimum provision for interior wet standpipes as per 2004 Revised IRR of PD 1096?
a. Provide outlets at both sides of the stage, at rear of auditorium and at rear of balcony.
b. Just use portable fire extinguishers near said locations.
c. Provide at least 1 standpipe to cover every 650 sq.m.of floor area
d. Use only dry standpipes to cover every 950 sq.m. of floor area (or a fraction thereof).
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Wet Standpipes and their Location,
"In Group H and I Occupancies, outlets shall be located as follows: one (1) on each side of the stage, one (1) at the rear of the auditorium, and one (1) at the rear of the balcony. Where occupant loads are LESS THAN FIVE HUNDRED (500) the above requirements MAY BE WAIVED; Provided, that PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS of appropriate capacity and type are installed within easy access from the said locations...xxx..." (Rule XII, Sec. 1212.d. of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Since an auditorium is classified as a Group H building (see Table VII.1 of Sec. 701), the above provision applies to my question at hand. As the occupant load was given at 400 (i.e., less than 500 for the required wet standpipe outlets in specific areas), the required outlets may be waived as long as sufficient portable fire extinguishers are provided.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Just use portable fire extinguishers near said locations.
Q#2: What Division in Group D Occupancies include Nurseries for full-time care of children under kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes with non-ambulatory patients, and similar buildings each accommodating more than five persons?
a. Division 1
b. Division 2
c. Division 3
d. Division 4
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Occupancy Classified,
"Group D Occupancies shall include:
Division 1 - MENTAL hospitals, MENTAL sanitaria, jails, prisons, reformatories, and buildings were personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained.
Division 2 - Nurseries for FULL-TIME care of children UNDER KINDERGARTEN AGE, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes for NON-AMBULATORY patients, and similar buildings each accommodating more than five persons.
Division 3 - Nursing homes for AMBULATORY patients, homes for children of KINDERGARTEN AGE OR OVER, each accommodating more than five persons: Provided, that Group D Occupancies shall NOT include buildings used only for PRIVATE or FAMILY group dwelling purposes." (Rule VII, Sec. 701.1.a.iv. and can also be seen in Table VII.1. of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Note that there is no Division 4 for Group D occupancies in the code.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Division 2.
Q#3: If you designed a solid reinforced concrete slab with an overall depth of 5", what is its fire-resistive time period rating in accordance with PD 1096?
a. One-Hour Fire-Resistance
b. Two-Hour Fire-Resistance
c. Three-Hour Fire-Resistance
d. Four-Hour Fire-Resistance
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Fire-Resistive Standards,
(Rule VI, Sec. 603 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Two-Hour Fire-Resistance.
Q#4: Choose the two correct provisions regarding stairways according to the National Building Code:
I - Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall not be less than 1.20m
II - Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less may be 900mm wide
III - Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10 may be 800mm wide
IV - Maximum variations of 10mm in riser heights and tread widths in any one flight
V - Rise of every step shall not exceed 200mm and run shall not be less than 250mm
a. I and V
b. II and V
c. III and IV
d. I and IV
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Stairways,
"Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than fifty (50) shall not be less than 1.10 meters. Stairways serving an occupant load of FIFTY (50) OR LESS may be 900 MILLIMETERS WIDE. Private stairways serving an occupant load of less than ten (10) may be 750 millimeters. Trim and handrails shall not reduce the required width by more than 100 millimeters."
"Rise and Run. The RISE of every step in a stairway shall NOT exceed 200 MILLIMETERS and the RUN shall NOT be less than 250 MILLIMETERS. The maximum variations in the height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters; Except, in case of private stairways serving an occupant load of less than ten (10), the rise may be 200 millimeters and the run may be 250 millimeters, except as provided in sub-paragraph (c) below."
(Rule XII, Sec. 1207.5.a and Sec. 1207.5.b of the 2004 IRR of PD 1096)
It is clear in the code that both II and V satisfy the above provisions. On the other hand, for the three other WRONG provisions (I, III, and IV), the corrections should be as follows:
I - Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall not be less than 1.20m ("1.20m" should be 1.10m)
III - Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10 may be 800mm wide ("800mm" should be 900mm)
IV - Maximum variations of 10mm in riser heights and tread widths in any one flight ("10mm" should be 5mm)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. II and V
Q#5: Which is not a design criteria of ramps according to the BP344?
a. Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an elevator or other mechanical device.
b. Any ramp with a rise greater than 1.20m and leads down towards an area where vehicular traffic is possible should have a railing across the full width of its lower end, not less than 1.50 meters from the foot of the ramp.
c. A level area not less than 1.80m should be provided at the top and bottom of any ramp.
d. Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a minimum height of 0.10m
According to the Accessibility Law (BP 344), the INCORRECT data in Choice b. is the "a rise greater than 1.20m" which should have been "a rise greater than 0.20m"; and the "not less than 1.50 meters from the foot of the ramp" which should have been "not less than 1.80 meters from the foot of the ramp".
(Appendix A, Sec. C, Item 2.8 of the IRR of BP344, Accessibility Law)
The other choices, Choice a., c., and d., all conform to the Accessibility Law.
Therefore, the correct answer (i.e., the one NOT conforming to the code) is b. Any ramp with a rise greater than 1.20m and leads down towards an area where vehicular traffic is possible should have a railing across the full width of its lower end, not less than 1.50 meters from the foot of the ramp.
Q#6: If you are to design a 380-room hotel located in Makati City, how many parking slots for cars should you allot to comply with the provisions of the current National Building Code provisions, rules and regulations?
a. 76 car parking slots
b. 380 car parking slots
c. 95 car parking slots
d. 127 car parking slots
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on the table of Minimum Required Off-Street Parking Slot by Use or Occupancy, Hotels in HIGHLY-URBANIZED AREAS (e.g., Makati CITY) shall have,
"1 car parking slot for every 3 rooms or a fraction thereof". (Table VII.4 of the IRR of PD1096)
Note that for Hotels located in all OTHER AREAS (i.e., NOT in a highly-urbanized areas), the ratio is lesser at "1 car parking slot for every 7 rooms". If the structure is a RESIDENTIAL HOTEL or APARTEL, then, the ratio is "1 car parking slot for every 5 rooms".
So, since the structure in my question is given as a hotel with 380 rooms in a highly-urbanized area, we use the 1:3 ratio and compute,
Min. Required Car Parking Slots = 380 rooms / 3 = 126.66667 or 127 slots
Therefore, the correct answer is d. 127 car parking slots.
Q#7: Any container mounted on a tank vehicle with a capacity of at least four hundred fifty (450) liters used for carrying flammable or combustible liquids. It does not apply to the fuel tank of a motor vehicle.
a. Cargo Tank
b. Dip Tank
c. Portable Tank
d. Bulkhead
According to the 2009 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Revised Fire Code of the Philippines (RA9514) on Definition of Terms,
"Cargo Tank. Any container mounted on a tank vehicle with a capacity of at least four hundred fifty (450) liters used for carrying flammable or combustible liquids. It does not apply to the fuel tank of a motor vehicle. Dip Tank. A tank, vat or container of flammable or combustible liquid in which articles or materials are immersed for purposes of coating, finishing, treating, or similar processes. Bulkhead. A liquid-tight closure between compartments of a cargo tank." (Rule 3 of the 2009 IRR of RA9514)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Cargo Tank.
Q#8: Who has the responsibility to adopt the type and design of footings and foundations in terms of the appropriate type, adequate size, and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or any condition of external forces that may affect the safety or stability of the structure?
a. Architect
b. Architect and/or Engineer
c. Engineer
d. Structural Engineer
The question is taken almost verbatim from a provision in both the 1977 National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) and its 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), under General Design and Construction Requirements for Excavation, Foundation, and Retaining Walls, which reads:
"Footings and foundations shall be of appropriate TYPE, of adequate SIZE, and CAPACITY in order to SAFELY sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or any condition of external forces that may affect the SAFETY or STABILITY of the structure. It shall be the RESPONSIBILITY of the ARCHITECT and/or ENGINEER to adopt the type and design of the same in accordance with the standards set forth by the Secretary." (Chapter 12, Sec. 1202.c.1 of PD1096, and also in Rule XII, Sec. 1202.3.a of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Some may note that in RA9266 (Architecture Act of 2004), Architects are only allowed in the "Structural Conceptualization" (instead of "Structural Design" previously allowed in the old/repealed architecture law, RA 545), but the definition of "Structural Conceptualization" as found in RA9266, reads:
"Structural Conceptualization means the act of CONCEIVING, CHOOSING and DEVELOPING the TYPE, DISPOSITION, ARRANGEMENT and PROPORTIONING of the STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS of an architectural work giving due consideration to SAFETY, cost-effectiveness, FUNCTIONALITY and aesthetics." (Sec. 3(5) of RA9266)
In short, both provisions of different laws are complementary, that architects have the responsibility (along with engineers) for selecting the type, size, and capacity of foundations of a structure.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Architect and/or Engineer (NOT the Structural Engineer alone).
Q#9: As per PD 1096, the portion of the building between floor and ceiling which is wholly or partly below grade and so located that the vertical distance from grade to floor below is equal to or greater than the vertical distance from grade to ceiling.
a. Attic Storey
b. Basement
c. Cellar
d. First Storey
According to the 1977 National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096), the terms are defined as,
Attic Storey: "Any storey situated whooly or partly in a roof, so designed, arranged, or built as to be used for business, storage, or habitation." Basement: "A portion of a building between floor and ceiling which is PARTLY BELOW and PARTLY ABOVE GRADE but so located that the vertical distance from grade to the floor is LESS THAN the VERTICAL DISTANCE from GRADE to CEILING." Cellar: "The portion of a building between floor and ceiling which is WHOLLY OR PARTLY BELOW GRADE and so located that the vertical distance from grade to the floor BELOW is EQUAL TO or GREATER THAN the VERTICAL DISTANCE from GRADE to CEILING." First Storey: "The storey the floor of which is at or above the level of the sidewalk or adjoining ground, the remaining storeys being numbered in regular succession upward." (Annex "A" of PD1096)
Note that in the Philippines, cellar is NOT a very common term, hence, contrary to popular belief, it is often mistaken as a "basement" - which is a more common term erronously referring to any space that is below the ground line. However, in so far as PD1096 is concerned, a CELLAR is actually much deeper beneath the ground as compared to a BASEMENT, since the basement (by code definition) can technically have portions of it above grade level.
In other words, in a Basement - there can be a Cellar, but, in a Cellar - there cannot be any Basement.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Cellar.
Q#10: During your initial consultation with your client, you have ascertained that your client's project is a medium-density housing for your client's own family situated in a 16.4m-wide x 23.35m-deep inside lot in a newly-developed location. The client then asks you, as the architect of the project, what would be the largest area for the ground floor of the house you can build on the lot, considering that the client wants the house to have abutments on both sides of the lot?
a. Approx. 230sqm
b. Approx. 209sqm
c. Approx. 300sqm
d. Approx. 264sqm
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Classification and General Requirements of All Buildings by Use or Occupancy, a "medium-density housing for a single-family" is categorized as "Basic Residential 2 (Basic R-2)" (Table VIII.1 and Glossary of the 2004 IRR of PD1096). Thus, the project is zoned as Basic R-2.
As the question states, we are looking for the largest area of the ground floor we can build on the given lot, which means we are looking at the maximum footprint allowed by the code. Note that the code offers several provisions on how to determine the Allowable Maximum Building Footprint (AMBF). We'll take a look at them one by one:
First, we refer to a table of Minimum Setbacks for Basic R-2 structures, wherein it is stipulated that,
"Basic R-2 (Type of Use) ===> 3.00 meters (Front); 2.00** meters (Side); 2.00 meters (Rear) Note c) ** Setback required for only one (1) side. Setbacks on two sides shall be optional." (Rule VIII, Table VIII.2 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
The table clearly states that for R-2 occupancies (such as the client's project in the question), extending the footprint and building walls to the side property lines (as abutments/firewalls) is only allowed on 1 side; having abutments/firewalls on both sides is prohibited. This is also clearly stated in another provision of the code,
"Abutments shall be allowed on only one (1) side for any R-2 lot type/location. There shall be no firewalls/abutments on the front and rear property lines for any R-2 lot type/location." (Rule VIII, Sec. 803.4.c.ii of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
And reiterated in another provision,
"For medium density residential (R-2) uses or occupancies, a firewall can be erected on a maximum of 80% of the total length of a side property line, provided that ONLY ONE (1) SIDE PROPERTY LINE is used for a firewall in the case of a R-2 structure; and provided further that the applicable stipulations of the Fire Code are strictly observed."
(Rule VII, Sec. 704.4.c.iv of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Despite the client requiring the building's ground floor to be extended on both sides of his property, the above provisions of the code means that what the client wants will NOT conform with the law. So, as the client is looking for the largest ground floor footprint you CAN build, the footprint can only be extended on 1 side of his lot.
Using the Minimum Setbacks in Table VIII.2, we can now compute the maximum building footprint for the ground floor of the house by subtracting the setbacks required in the given lot area:
Lot Depth = 23.35m
Footprint Depth = 23.35m - 3m front setback - 2m rear setback = 18.35m
Lot Width = 16.4m
Footprint Width = 16.4m - 2m side setback - 0m (firewall/abutment permitted) = 14.4m
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 14.4m x 18.35m = 264.24sqm (AMBF per Minimum Setbacks)
Take note that the above computations are based on Minimum Setback Requirements (as per Table VIII.2).
Now, let's look at another provision in determining AMBF. We refer to the table of Maximum Allowable Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO) by Land Use Zoning per Lot, wherein it is stipulated that,
"Basic R-2 with Firewall ===> 60% Maximum Allowable PSO"
(Rule VIII, Table VIII.1 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
The Maximum Allowable PSO, expressed in percentage (of the Total Lot Area, TLA, being occupied by the building), is also equivalent to the AMBF expressed in actual area (footprint of the building within the lot). Since our TLA is already given in the question as "16.4m-wide x 23.35m-deep" or 382.94sqm, we can now compute for the Maximum Allowable PSO or AMBF:
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 60% x TLA
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 0.60 x 382.94sqm
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 229.764sqm (AMBF per Max. PSO with Firewalls)
Take note that the above computations are based on Maximum Allowable PSO (as per Table VIII.1).
Lastly, since in the question, the lot type is given as an Inside Lot, let's look at another table in the code, the Minimum Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) Requirements by Lot Type/Location, wherein it is stipulated that,
"Inside Lot ===> with Firewall ===> R-2 ===> 30%"
(Rule VIII, Guidelines on Lots..., Table VIII.G.6 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
According to Table VIII.G.6, it is required that a minimum of 30% of the TLA (382.94sqm) should be open space. Since TLA = PSO (or AMBF) + TOSL, then, we can compute for the Maximum Allowable PSO or AMBF:
Min. Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) = 30% x TLA
Min. Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) = 0.3 x 382.94sqm
Min. Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) = 114.882sqm
Resulting Maximum Footprint = TLA - Min. TOSL
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 382.94sqm - 114.882sqm
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 268.058sqm (AMBF per Minimum TOSL)
Take note that the above computations are based on Minimum TOSL Requirements (as per Table VIII.G.6).
So at this point, we have three (3) different values of the probable maximum building footprint:
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 264.24sqm (AMBF per Minimum Setbacks of Table VIII.2);
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 229.764sqm (AMBF per Maximum PSO of Table VIII.1); and
Resulting Maximum Footprint = 268.058sqm (AMBF per Minimum TOSL of Table VIII.G.6)
As we are looking for the MAXIMUM value allowed by the code, logically, the LEAST value must govern as such value would be the most stringent.
Since the computation of the maximum footprint based on Table VIII.1 (~230sqm) yields the least area among the three (compared to ~268sqm using Table VIII.G.6 and to ~264sqm using Table VIII.2), then, it shall be deemed as the largest area for the ground floor of the house you CAN build on the lot, WITHOUT violating any other provisions of the code.
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Approx. 230sqm (229.764sqm).
Q#11: Enumerate the basic needs of human settlements in order of importance (1 being the highest) in accordance with the IRR for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects:
a. 1)Power 2)Water 3)Waste disposal 4)Storm drainage 5)Movement 6)Park
b. 1)Movement 2)Power 3)Water 4)Storm drainage 5)Park 6)Waste disposal
c. 1)Waste disposal 2)Movement 3)Water 4)Storm drainage 5)Power 6)Park
d. 1)Water 2)Movement 3)Storm drainage 4)Waste disposal 5)Park 6)Power
According to the 2008 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Standards and Technical Requirements for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects (BP220), the "basic needs of human settlements are enumerated in DESCENDING ORDER as follows:
1. Water
2. Movement and circulation
3. Storm drainage
4. Solid and liquid waste disposal
5. Park/playground
6. Power"
(Rule II, Sec. 4.B of the 2008 IRR of BP220)
Therefore, the answer is d. 1)Water 2)Movement 3)Storm drainage 4)Waste disposal 5)Park 6)Power.
Q#12: As per RA9514, it is any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals.
a. Hypergolic Fuel
b. Corrosive Liquid
c. Pyrophoric
d. Combustible Liquid
According to the 2009 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Revised Fire Code of the Philippines (RA9514) on Definition of Terms,
"Hypergolic Fuel. A rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which IGNITE SPONTANEOUSLY on CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. Corrosive Liquid. Any liquid which CAUSES FIRE when IN CONTACT with ORGANIC MATTER or with CERTAIN CHEMICALS. Pyrophoric. Descriptive of any substances THAT IGNITES SPONTANEOUSLY when EXPOSED TO AIR. Combustible Liquid. Any liquid having a FLASH POINT AT or ABOVE 37.8°C (100°F)." (Rule 3 of the 2009 IRR of RA9514)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Corrosive Liquid.
Q#13: In designing grandstands or bleachers, what is the minimum spacing of rows of seats without backrests measured from rear-to-rear of the seat?
a. 850 millimeters
b. 600 millimeters
c. 300 millimeters
d. 750 millimeters
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Spacing of Seats for Reviewing Stands, Grandstands, and Bleachers,
"The minimum spacing of rows of seats measured from back-to-back shall be: 600 MILLIMETERS FOR SEATS WITHOUT BACKRESTS in open air stands; 750 millimeters for seats with backrests; and 850 millimeters for chair seating. There shall be a space of not less than 300 millimeters between the back of each seat and the front of the seat immediately behind it." (Sec. 1207.14.c.i of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. 600 millimeters.
Q#14: : In designing open-market subdivision projects, community facilities (which are non-saleable) are mandatory if the project is one (1) hectare and above. If the project contains 1,499 dwelling units (saleable lots), which among the following community facilities are required to be included in the project?
a. Multi-Purpose Center + Elementary School + High School
b. Multi-Purpose Center only
c. Multi-Purpose Center + Convenience Stores + Tricycle Terminals
d. Multi-Purpose Center + Convenience Stores + Elementary School
According to the 2009 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Subdivision and Condominium Buyer's Protective Decree (PD957) on Community Facilities,
"Mandatory provisions of areas for community facilities, such as neighborhood multi-purpose center both for OPEN-MARKET and medium cost housing projects with an area of ONE (1) HECTARE and above." (Rule I, Sec. 1.C.1.b.2 of the 2009 IRR of PD957)
Since my question states that the project is an open-market subdivision with an area of higher than 1 Ha., then, the above provision should be followed. So, we look at Table 2 in the same section of the law, which shows the facilities required according to the NUMBER OF SALEABLE LOTS/DWELLING UNITS, as follows:
(Rule I, Table 2 of the 2009 IRR of PD957)
As we can see in the above table, if the dwelling units or lots of the subdivision amounted to a total of 1,500 units, then, as per law, we are required to provide a Multi-Purpose Center, some Convenience Stores, an Elementary School and Tricycle Terminals.
However, since in my question, the dwelling units or lots is given at 1,499 units, then, we only need to provide a Multi-Purpose Center as a MINIMUM requirement WITHOUT violating the law.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Multi-Purpose Center only.
Q#15: As per IRR of PD 1096, which agencies sets the acceptable limits of noise levels of equipment and machineries for Noise Pollution Control?
a. DOLE and DENR
b. DENR and City/Municipality
c. DPWH and DENR
d. DTI and BPS (Bureau of Product Standards)
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Noise Pollution Control,
"Industrial establishments shall be provided with positive noise abatement devices to tone down the noise level of equipment and machineries to acceptable limits set down by the DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT and the DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES." (Rule IX, Sec. 906.1 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. DOLE and DENR (Department of Labor and Employment and Department of Environment and Natural Resources).
Q#16: Which of the following temporary stairway dimensions does NOT conform with the provisions of the National Building Code of the Philippines:
a. Treads @ 210mm; Risers @ 125mm
b. Treads @ 190mm; Risers @ 250mm
c. Treads @ 300mm; Risers @ 100mm
d. Treads @ 270mm; Risers @ 225mm
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Ladders and Temporary Stairways,
"The SUM of the height of the two (2) risers and the width of one (1) tread shall be NOT less than 460 millimeters NOR more than 700 millimeters." (Rule XI, Sec. 1107.1.i.xv of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
The above provision simply means that,
460mm < 2R + T < 700mm where R = riser and T = tread
So, given all the choices, we can check each one,
Choice a. => 2(125) + 210 = 460mm ---> conforms with the code (not less than the minimum)
Choice b. => 2(250) + 190 = 690mm ---> conforms with the code (not more than the maximum)
Choice c. => 2(100) + 300 = 500mm ---> conforms with the code (still between minimum and maximum)
Choice d. => 2(225) + 270 = 720mm ---> violates the code (more than the maximum)
Among the choices, only choice d. has exceeded the limits (i.e, does NOT conform) as provided by the code on temporary stairs, while the rest of the choices conform with the code.
Take important note that the question pertains to TEMPORARY stairs (stairs used during construction, governed by Rule XI), as permanent stairs have a different provision other than what is sought for in the given question.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Treads @ 270mm; Risers @ 225mm (does NOT conform with the code).
Q#17: You were commissioned by a client to design a bungalow residence that will be provided with a centralized air-conditioning system. The client then asks you, as the architect, what would be the lowest height of the ceiling that can be done for his house because he has a fear of open/airy spaces. What would be your answer to your client?
a. 2.10 meters
b. 2.40 meters
c. 2.70 meters
d. 3.00 meters
There are 2 important clues in my question: 1) "bungalow" and 2) "air-conditioning system". This means that the house is only 1-STOREY with ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION.
What does the code says about artificial ventilations on single-storey houses? According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Ceiling Heights,
"Habitable rooms provided with ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION shall have ceiling heights NOT LESS THAN 2.40 METERS measured from the floor to the ceiling; PROVIDED that for BUILDINGS OF MORE THAN ONE (1) STOREY, the minimum ceiling height of the FIRST STOREY shall be 2.70 meters and that for the SECOND STOREY 2.40 meters and the SUCCEEDING STORIES shall have an unbostructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above-stated rooms with NATURAL VENTILATION shall have ceiling heights of NOT LESS THAN 2.70 METERS." (Rule VIII, Sec. 805 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Analyzing the above provision, it explicitly tells us that using a 2.40-meter ceiling height is only applicable for either:
1. A bungalow/1-storey with artificial ventilation; OR
2. The 2nd floor of a building (of more than 1-storey), with artificial ventilation
Since in my problem, it has been clearly stated that we are only dealing with a bungalow house (a 1-storey structure with NO OTHER STOREYS above it) and with artificial ventilation, then, the minimum ceiling height can be set at 2.40 meters - NOT 2.70 meters. The only instances that a habitable room located at the 1st Floor is required to have a 2.70-m ceiling height is: 1) If the room is naturally-ventilated (e.g., NO Air-con); and 2) If the building is 2 storeys or more, whether the room is artificially-ventilated or not.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. 2.40 meters.
Q#18: Under the National Building Code of the Philippines, what is governed by PD 1067 or the Water Code of the Philippines?
a. The quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface or underground sources
b. The water piping installations inside buildings and premises
c. The design, construction and operation of independent waterworks systems of private housing subdivisions or industrial estates
d. The design, construction and operation of deep wells for the abstraction of groundwater
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Water Supply Systems,
"The quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface or underground sources shall conform to the criteria set in the latest approved National Standards for Drinking Water Standards." (Rule IX, Sec. 902.2 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096) "The design, construction and operation of deepwells for the abstraction of groundwater shall be subject to the provisions of the Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067)." (Rule IX, Sec. 902.3 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096) "The design, construction and operation of independent waterwork systems of private housing subdivisions or industrial estates shall be governed by existing laws relating to local waterworks systems." (Rule IX, Sec. 902.4 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096) "The water piping installation for water supply and distribution to each fixture including the wastewater drainage with proper venting inside building and premises, shall conform to the provision of the Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines." (Rule IX, Sec. 902.5 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
In short,
Quality of Drinking Water --> National Standards for Drinking Water
Water Piping --> Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
Independent Waterwork --> Existing Laws of Local Waterworks
Deepwells --> Water Code of the Philippines
Therefore, the correct answer is d. The design, construction and operation of deep wells for the abstraction of groundwater.
Q#19: As per BP 344 (Accessibility Law), water closet stalls for PWDs shall permit easy passage of a wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a stall, close the door and transfer to the water closet from either a frontal or a lateral position. For lateral mounting, what is the required grab bar provisions?
a. A fixed continuous grab bar from one wall to the next.
b. A movable grab bar on one wall and a fixed grab bar at the adjacent wall.
c. Two fixed grab bars on both sides of the wall.
d. No such requirement as long as the minimum area of the stall is at 1.70m x 1.80m
According to the IRR of the Accessibility Law (BP344),
"Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80 mts. ONE MOVABLE GRAB BAR and ONE FIXED TO THE ADJACENT WALL shall be installed at the accessible water closet stall FOR LATERAL MOUNTING; fixed grab bars on both sides of the wall shall be installed for stalls for frontal mounting." (Appendix A, Sec. C.8.2 of the IRR of BP344)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. A movable grab bar + a fixed grab bar (for lateral mounting).
Q#20: As per Fire Code, it is descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.
a. Cryogenic
b. Flash Point
c. Oxidizing Material
d. Ember
Note that, as a hint in the question, the prefix "cryo-" in one of the choices already tells us that it is most likely the answer as "cryo" means "ice cold" or "frosted".
According to the 2009 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Revised Fire Code of the Philippines (RA9514) on Definition of Terms,
"Flash Point. The minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air. Oxidizing Material. A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion. Ember. A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames. Cryogenic. Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings." (Rule 3 of the 2009 IRR of RA9514)
Therefore, the correct answer is a. Cryogenic.
Q#21: Any building or portion thereof, containing not more than five guest rooms which are used by not more than five guests where rent is paid in money, goods, labor or otherwise.
a. Dwelling Unit
b. Aparment House
c. Boarding House
d. Lodging House
According to the 1977 National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096), in its Definition of Terms,
Dwelling Unit: "One or more habitable rooms which are occupied or which are intended or designated to be occupied by one family with facilities for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating." Apartment House: "Any building or portion thereof, which is designed, built, rented, leased, let or hired out to be occupied, or which is occupied as the home or residence of three or more families living independently of each other and doing their own cooking in the building, and shall include flats and apartments." Boarding House: "A house with five or more sleeping rooms where boarders are provided with lodging, and meals for a fixed sum paid by the month, or week, in accordance with previous arrangement." Lodging House: "Any building or portion thereof, containing not more than five guest rooms which are used by not more than five guests where rent is paid in money, goods, labor or otherwise." (Annex "A" of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Lodging House.
Q#22: As per current IRR of PD 1096, the plans and specifications for indoor and outdoor signages shall be prepared, signed and sealed by whom?
a. Professional Mechanical Engineer
b. Architect
c. Electronics Engineer
d. Professional Electrical Engineer
Let's first take a look at the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) and see which plans/documents are submitted by whom for the application of a building permit,
"Five (5) sets of survey plans, design plans, specifications and other documents PREPARED, SIGNED and SEALED over the printed names of the DULY LICENSED and REGISTERED PROFESSIONALS: a. Geodetic Engineer, in case of lot survey plans; b. Architect, in case of architectural documents;...xxx... g. Master Plumber, in case of plumbing documents; h. ELECTRONICS ENGINEER, in case of ELECTRONICS DOCUMENTS." (Rule III, Sec. 302.3 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Now, looking at the same IRR in detail, as to what comprises ELECTRONICS DOCUMENTS, we can see that,
"ELECTRONIC PLANS and technical specifications for wired or wireless telecommunications systems, broadcasting systems, including radio and TV broadcast equipment for commercial and training purposes, cable or wireless television systems, information technology (IT) systems, security and alarm systems, electronic fire alarm systems, sound-reinforcement systems, navigation aids and controls, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SIGNAGES, electronically-controlled conveyance systems, electronic/computerized process controls and automation systems, building automation, management and control systems...xxx"
(Rule III, Sec. 302.10 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Since Indoor and Outdoor Signages are parts of the Electronic Plans, and Electronic Plans are prepared, signed, and sealed by a duly licensed and registered Electronics Engineer, then the correct answer is c. Electronics Engineer.
Q#23: If you are to design a footbridge connecting two buildings across a roadway, what is the minimum vertical distance from the finished surface of the roadway to the bottom or soffit of the overpass, in accordance with PD 1096?
a. 3.00 meters
b. 5.32 meters
c. 6.00 meters
d. 4.27 meters
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Road Right-of-Way (RROW) Above Grade,
"...xxx ... The minimum clear height for the utilization of air rights above RROW shall be 4.27 METERS FROM THE FINISHED CROWN ELEVATION OF THE ROADWAY/CARRIAGEWAY."
(Rule VIII, Guidelines on Streets/RROW, Sec. C.d.i of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
(Figure VIII.G.12 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. 4.27 meters.
Q#24: Ramps inside buildings for accessibility shall have a maximum gradient of _____.
a. 0.52 rads
b. 12%
c. 1 : 8
d. 4.76°
According to the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Accessibility Law (BP344) on Minimum Requirements for Ramps Inside Buildings and Structures,
"The maximum gradient shall be 1:12;"
(Appendix A, Sec. C.2.2.3 of the IRR of BP344)
The gradient expressed in the above provision is in the form of a RATIO or a FRACTION (i.e., Rise : Run or Rise / Run). Take important note that there are OTHER WAYS to express gradients or slopes, such as in ANGLE (e.g., degrees) or in PERCENTAGE (i.e., percentage of the fraction) wherein identical numbers of such gradients or slopes expressed in different forms does NOT mean the slopes are equivalent (like 3m is not equivalent to 3ft).
BP344 tells us that ramps inside buildings can only have a maximum slope of 1 unit of Rise for every 12 units of Run (or 1/12). Expressing this slope in PERCENTAGE form, we have:
1:12 ==> (1 / 12) x 100 = (0.0833...) x 100 = 8.33%
The above equation proves that a 12% slope is NOT equal to a slope of 1:12 (despite having the identical number "12", as 1:12 = 8.33%)
Expressing the above same slope, this time, in DEGREES (Angle), we recall the Tangent Function where:
Angle in degrees = Arctan (Rise / Run)
Angle in degrees = Arctan (1 / 12)
Angle in degrees = Arctan (0.0833...)
Angle in degrees = ~4.76°
Therefore, the correct answer is d. 4.76° (or 8.33% or 1:12 or 1/12).
Q#25: What is the ratio between the saleable portion and non-saleable portion of an economic or socialized housing subdivision project?
a. 75% saleable / 25% non-saleable
b. 70% saleable / 30% non-saleable
c. 80% saleable / 20% non-saleable
d. No fixed ratio
According to the 2009 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Subdivision and Condominium Buyer's Protective Decree (PD957) on Land Allocation,
"For OPEN MARKET and MEDIUM COST SUBDIVISION projects with an area of one (1) hectare or more, the percentage (%) allocation of land shall be as follows:
a. Saleable area -- maximum of 70% of gross area
b. Non-saleable area -- minimum of 30% of gross area"
(Rule I, Sec. C.1 of the 2009 IRR of PD957)
Note that the above 70%-30% provision only applies to OPEN MARKET and MEDIUM COST SUBDIVISION projects as per PD957. As my question pertains to ECONOMIC and SOCIALIZED HOUSING projects, it is governed by a DIFFERENT LAW.
According to the 2008 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing Project (BP220) on Land Allocation,
"Saleable Areas -- There shall be NO FIXED RATIO between the saleable portion and non-saleable portion of a subdivision project."
(Rule II, Sec. 5.C.1.a of the 2008 IRR of BP220)
Therefore, the correct answer is d. No fixed ratio.
Q#26: What is the minimum lot frontage for corner lots in an economic or socialized housing project?
a. 6.00 meters
b. 8.00 meters
c. 10.00 meters
d. 3.00 meters
According to the 2008 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing Project (BP220) on Lot Frontages,
(Rule II, Sec. 5.C.2.c of the 2008 IRR of BP220)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. 8.00 meters.
Q#27: The aggregate area of all penthouses shall not exceed ____ of the area of the supporting roof.
a. One-half (1/2)
b. One-third (1/3)
c. One-fourth (1/4)
d. None (No such rule).
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Penthouses and Roof Structures,
"The aggregate area of all penthouses and other roof structres shall NOT exceed ONE THIRD (1/3) of the area of the supporting roof."
(Rule XII, Sec. 1210.2 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. One-third (1/3).
Q#28: The vacant space left between the outermost face of the building / structure and the property lines, e.g., front, rear, right and left side, according to PD 1096.
a. Easement
b. Setback
c. Yard
d. Court
Let's first take a look at basic definitions of the given choices according to both the 1977 National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) and the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of PD1096:
Easement:
"A kind of PUBLIC OPEN SPACE defined under the Water Code and other laws that must be absolutely free of all forms of physical obstructions that can negatively affect natural light and ventilation within such space or that can impede access to or the full recreational use of such space by the general public. It is the area that may lie between the legally usable portions of a public or private property and natural or man-built bodies of water such as seas, rivers, lakes, esteros, canals, waterways, floodways, spillways and the like."
(Glossary of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Setback:
"The horizontal DISTANCE measured 90° from the outermost face of the building/structure to the property lines."
(Glossary of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Yard:
"The VACANT SPACE left between the outermost face of the building/structure and the property lines, e.g., front, rear, right and left side yards. As a yard performs a vital environmental function because of its exposed soil and/or plant cover (surface water percolation, light/heat absorption, etc.), it shall preferably not be paved/hardscaped. A yard may be considered part of the Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL), provided that it abuts a permanent public open space without any separation between them which obstructs the free flow of light and ventilation."
(Glossary of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Yard or Patio:
"The VACANT SPACE left in a lot between the building and the property line."
(Annex A of PD1096)
Court:
"An UNOCCUPIED SPACE between the faces of the building lines and a yard or another court, free, open and unobstructed from the ground upward."
(Annex A of PD1096, and Glossary of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Among the choices, only setbacks and yards describe the measurement and area between the building line and the property line. Though most might use the terms setbacks and yards interchangeably as both are perceived "synonymous", there is a technical difference between the two. This is reiterated in the provision for Light and Ventilation of the 2004 IRR of PD1096, where it reads:
"YARD - the required open SPACE left between the outermost face of the building/structure and the property lines, e.g., front, rear, right and left side yards. The WIDTH of the yard is the SETBACK."
(Rule VIII, Sec. 804.3 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
So, it is clear that YARD = SPACE (or area), while SETBACK = DISTANCE (or measurement/width). If my question asked for the DISTANCE, then the answer would have been SETBACK. But, since my question asked for the SPACE, then it is a YARD.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Yard.
Q#29: The Building Official is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the provisions of the National Building Code of the Philippines. Who appoints the Building Officials?
a. Head of the Local Government Unit (i.e., Mayor)
b. Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways
c. Executive Officer of the National Building Code Development Office (NBCDO)
d. President of the Republic of the Philippines
According to the 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) on Building Officials,
"Except as otherwise provided herein, the Building Official shall be responsible for carrying out the provisions of this Code in the field as well as the enforcement of orders and decisions made pursuant thereto.
All Building Officials appointed or designated other than by the Secretary, shall continue to act as the Building Official until such time that the SECRETARY APPOINTS the Building Official. Offices of the Building Officials already established, separate and distinct from the office of the City/Municipal Engineers in cities and municipalities may continue to exist until such time that a regular office is created."
(Rule II, Sec. 205 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
The "Secretary" appointing a building official based on the above provision is also reiterated on another provision of the IRR of PD1096, this time, on General Powers and Function of the Secretary,
"...xxx... 6. APPOINT a BUILDING OFFICIAL, separate and distinct from the Office of the City/Municipal Engineers in all Cities and Municipalities."
(Rule II, Sec. 203.6 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
The term "Secretary", found in many provisions of the National Building Code, is defined as,
"SECRETARY -- Head or Chief Executive Office of DPWH."
(Rule I, Sec.106 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).
Q#30: Which of the following structures is permitted to have its roof drainage water to flow over public property?
a. Boarding Houses
b. Supermarkets
c. Dry Cleaning Plants
d. Piggeries
e. Covered Amusement Parks
According to the 1977 National Building Code of the Philippines (PD1096) as well as its 2004 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) regarding Roof Drainage Systems Over Public Property,
"Roof drainage water from a building shall NOT be permitted to flow over public property, EXCEPT for for Group A and J Occupancies."
(Sec. 1206.d.4 of PD1096, and Rule XII, Sec. 1206.4.d of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
This above provision of the code means that buildings/structures classified as Groups A and J may allow its roof drainage water to flow over public property. So, we need to check, among the choices given, which building falls under which type of use/occupancy to determine the one that is exempted from such provision.
Referring to the table of Schedule of Principal Use/Occupancy of Buildings/Structure in the 2004 IRR of PD1096, we can see that,
"Boarding Houses" are in "Group B (Division B-1)".
"Supermarkets" are in "Group E (Division E-2)".
"Dry Cleaning Plants" are in "Group G (Division G-2)".
"Piggeries" are in "Group J (Division J-1)".
"Covered Amusement Parks" are in "Group H (Division H-4)".
(Rule VII, Sec. 701, Table VII.1 of the 2004 IRR of PD1096)
This means that among the five choices, only Piggeries may be exempted from the limitations of the provisions (i.e., its roof drainage water is allowed to flow over public property) as it is classified as Group J.
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